There was a general belief in the security community many years ago that user training was the only way to address security issues. Then we got slammed by tons of viruses and users all over clicked on links and ran attachments, basically doing exactly what we had all told them not to do. After spending weeks cleaning up the mess, the security community had a change of heart and basically took the stance that user training was a waste of time, and that we need better technology.

Well, it’s time to change this again. The technology doesn’t work. Sure, the technology is great for general threats. It’s good to keep certain applications from running. It keeps many network-based threats at bay. It can even be used to make the organization a bit more agile without too much risk.

However, it all comes down to one thing. No technology is smarter than a person, so everything we build tends to have a process somewhere that allows a person to override the security and effectively say “do it anyway”. Sure, we limit this ability to trusted people. Your executives’ time is highly valuable, so they may have local admin rights to avoid having to wait for help desk people. Your admins may need to bypass security controls to get their jobs done. There may not be many, but, in any organization, there are generally a few “special” people that are outside of the security system.

This makes the highly vulnerable to spear phishing attacks. All an attacker has to do is identify the special people, research them on the Internet, and send them an email that gets them to run something outside of the security controls. Then it’s all over.

There is only solution to threats that bypass the entire security system, and that is to build a new security layer to intercept the threat. Sadly, given the way people have to work, there is only one place to put this security… and that’s in their brains.

Any action that a high-profile person takes is, at minimum, reviewed and considered by their brain prior to it being done. Thus, the last layer in a security architecture has to be the people themselves.

No, don’t waste your time training the average user not to click on links or run attachments. Instead, deploy technology that makes these actions impossible. But then, when the executives explain to you why they are special and why they need to be exempt, your answer should be “sure, but you need training”.

Mitigate the risk with user training. Make sure that they know that they are being specifically targeted. Train them and document the training. Revisit them regularly.

If you are in a position of writing policy, try to build a system where you can test them on their training. If they fail the tests, they lose the rights to circumvent the security technologies.

Remember, the goal is to protect the business. The business, as well as the threats themselves are embodied in these “special” people. It is your job to protect them, even from themselves.

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Imagine that you own a company.  You are responsible for the financial lives of hundreds of people.  If you make a mistake, you may have to let some of them go or, worse, lose the entire company and put them all out of a job.  This fact doesn’t really keep you up at night, but it is a valid concern, so when you receive an email that reads:

“High Priority:  Subpoena issued for YourCompany in case against YourClient”

Naturally, you’re a bit concerned as you do a lot of business with YourClient, and you open the email. Inside, you see your name, your business’s name, your address and phone number and a brief explanation that there is a disagreement between two of your clients and you have personally been asked to court. Then there is a link at the bottom that reads:

“For more information and to schedule your appearance at the trial, please click here.”

You’re probably going to click, aren’t you? After all, if you don’t show up, you could personally be found to be in contempt and in either case, your business will be impacted. It would make the most sense to click the link, get all the information you need and then call your lawyer, right?

Well, bad news. You’ve been spear phished. Some attacker found your information online and constructed an email filled with completely reasonable information all in an effort to fool you into clicking on that link. Sadly, now that you have, odds are that someone on the Internet has your passwords, access to confidential documents and yours (and possibly the company’s) bank accounts. Worse, this information is in the hands of someone that knew you well enough to hand craft an attack against you, so odds are that the information is going to be used.

This is the problem with spear phishing. It’s targeted to high-profile people. Odds are that it won’t get picked up by anti-spam filters, as it is designed to look completely legitimate. It also won’t pass by the security people’s view, as there are likely people who get email so confidential that even the security people can’t see it.

So, in effect, this is a threat that bypasses all of our checks. What are we going to do about it?

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OK, I’ll admit it.  I like lichens.  I have for years.  One summer I even cultivated a pretty orange one that grew in a railroad tie where I parked, which is not the sort of thing that wins you friends in high school.  Even in the rural Midwest, lichen cultivation just doesn’t count as “farming”.  I find them neat, both to look at and to consider scientifically.

According to Wikipedia (at least, as I write this), a lichen is a “composite organism consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia) or cyanobacterium (commonly Nostoc).” Isn’t that fascinating?

You see, the fungus and the algae work together and even though they are separate, they function as one organism. The algae (or cyanobacterium, which is a different essay altogether) provides energy from the sun, as it can photosynthesize and the fungus cannot. The two lifeforms then exchange nutrients and grow together. (This is really glossing some things over. If you’re truly interested, get the book Lichens of North America, it goes into much more detail.)

The thing is, each party provides something that the other one needs, and as a unit, they are successful in ways that they would not be separate. You’ve all heard this analogy before, so I won’t bore you with it. Instead, I’ll go one level deeper.

Did you know that the fungus eats the algae? That’s how this “nutrient exchange” thing works. As a team, the composite organism succeeds because, even though the dominant partner (the fungus) literally consumes the subservient partner (the algae), it works because the algae grows faster than the fungus can eat it. It works for the algae because it can compete in places it otherwise wouldn’t have. The fungus provides a level of protection.

Which gets to the point. There are a lot of uneven partnerships in the business world. There are a lot of small companies, especially in the VAR space, that enter into partnerships with the big players. There’s a lot of talk about how the small companies don’t really gain much from it, but they have to keep paying these “partnership fees” in order to compete against the other small companies. However, that’s not exactly it. The “partnership fees” keep the even smaller companies and startups from directly competing against you. The partnership may provide a lot of resources that you don’t really need… but so does the fungus in a lichen.

See, the algae grows faster than the fungus. The small company is more agile than the big one. Profit margins can be higher, the work can be more flexible. However, it is very difficult to grow beyond the partnership, as the very things that make the partnership successful also constrain the growth of the small business outside of the brand of the large company.  In short, so long as the large company can consume your output (clients), it can continue to protect you and provide you with room to grow.

So, just like in the wild, success has to be measured in terms of the joint organism, not as one alone.

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If you’re dealing with a DDOS attack, I’m afraid that I haven’t much good news for you. Once it’s started, it may be a bit late to try to deal with it. Odds are, you’re best off just waiting it out. Failing that, you can try to change IP addresses on your external systems, however, that technique is less effective than it was and requires the assistance of your ISP.

No, the right way to handle this sort of attack is long before it starts.

These sorts of attacks tend to start a bit slowly, and can be recognized by a ramping up of traffic. However, in order to detect it, you have to first know what legitimate traffic looks like. Thus, for months before the attack, you have to be watching what’s coming in. You should know what “normal” looks like, so you can detect “abnormal”. Not only will this help you differentiate an attack from simply outgrowing your resources, but it will also help you identify how you are using your resources so you don’t waste your money.

Bear in mind that most Internet connections can only carry so much, and if your employees are using it watching YouTube videos, that leaves less for legitimate customers. The first rule is to know what you have and how it’s being used. To reference Tuesday’s post, you need to know how many rats are normal, so you know when you’re about to have too many of them.

Then, you can move on to attack avoidance. There are systems out there that are specifically designed to handle DDOS attacks, but let’s assume that you don’t want to pay for that. One quick solution is to use a set of proxies. These can be servers or network devices in a proxy configuration. The way these work is to simply receive connections and then balance them to the back-end server. Here, you can set up rules to drop illegitimate traffic to reduce what goes through to your server to a manageable amount. There are many technical ways to do this, and none of them are perfect… however, you don’t need perfect. You just need to drop enough traffic to get things working again. (In other words, you don’t need to stop all the rats, you just need to make sure that there’s enough grain for you and your family to eat.)

However, this solution only works assuming that the attack is somewhat small in scope. If the amount of traffic is overwhelming and your connection itself can’t handle it, having a set of proxies won’t help you much. You’ll need to call your ISP. This is why it’s good to have a good business relationship with your ISP. You should know the names and numbers of who you need to call, and you’ll need them to be technically competent. Ideally, you should be able to call them up, and say “I think I’m having a DDOS attack, can you block all traffic from Asia” (assuming that you don’t do business in Asia, of course :). This is like asking for international help in the face of a massive influx of rats.

The huge ISPs tend to have the technical skill, but lack the personal relationship. The really small ISPs will bend over backwards to help you, but may not know how. I suggest going for the middle of the road approach. Interview prospective ISPs and ask how they would handle this sort of situation. Ask if they can give you an emergency number that would always have a live person answering, 24×7. The good ones will, though they might charge you when you call after hours. This is well worth it.

In the end, you will have built an infrastructure that is resistant enough and built a business relationship that is flexible enough. The only way to be 100% protected against this sort of attack is to have more resources than the rest of the Internet combined, and that’s just not going to happen. This sort of preparation is fairly cheap, and worth a lot if you need to leverage it.

In the end, it’s cheap insurance.

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You get the call from your front-line people. Your web site is down and customers are complaining. You call your web folks and they can’t even get to the server. Then, your front-line people call you again and report that the entire Internet connection is down. You call your ISP, and they tell you that your line is up, but you’re getting a lot of traffic.

Their solution? Buy more bandwidth.

In fact, if you buy right now, you might even have it in a few weeks.

What has happened is a distributed denial of service attack. In this attack, the attackers leverage hundreds of thousands of machines and send traffic to a target. In this case, to your server. As it starts, people start to have problems with the web server. Pages will load erratically, customers will experience slowness and the server may start to reboot itself or lock up entirely. However, it doesn’t stop there. The attackers often don’t know when they’re successful, and the traffic just keeps coming. Soon, your Internet connection will fill up and stop responding. If you’re hosting offsite, the line usage may spike and drive you into over-utilization charges. Thus, in addition to losing potential sales for every minute you’re down, you may also be charged for the experience.

So, it sucks to be you, but what does the attacker gain? In the old days (you know, when the hills only went up), this was done out of spite. Someone had taken offense at something you or your company had done, and their solution was to make your life miserable. These days, it’s different.

These days, the attacker may be a competitor or someone hired by a competitor. They may be starting a campaign and want you out of the picture during the process. They may be trying to take one of your biggest clients and want to show that you’re unreliable. It may be a criminal organization using such an attack to hide a second, more subtle attack. It may be an employee that simply wants a day off.

In any of these cases, what are you going to do about it?

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